The Common Chameleon in Belezma (Algeria)

The Belezma Biosphere Reserve was only established in 2015 and is located in the province of Batna in northern Algeria. It covers an area of 262 km² in the Belezma Mountains and lies at altitudes between 915 and 2136 metres above sea level. The terrain consists of Mediterranean cedar, pine and oak forests, typical scrubland (so-called maquis), cliffs and only seasonal watercourses (so-called oueds); around 53 km² consist of cedar forest. So far, there have only been a few publications on the herpetofauna there. A recent overview study of the amphibians and reptiles found there has now been compiled by biologists from the University of Batna.

The animals were searched for visually only. Various people walked transects unsystematically both during the day and at night, for a total of 500 hours at 28 locations within the reserve. The animals found were either identified directly or photographed and released.

A total of 23 amphibian and reptile species were found and identified. Chamaeleo chamaeleon was identified for the first time in Belezma. The chameleons were found at around 1040 metres in the characteristic shrublands and at 1280 metres in open terrain. The maquis in Belezma consists mainly of oak and olive trees as well as mastic bushes and Phoenician juniper.

Herpetofauna of Belezma Biosphere Reserve, province of Batna, northeastern Algeria
Messaoud Saoudi, Mohamed Bensaci, Abdeldjabar Necer, Houria Baazi, Zohra Nemili, Farouk Khelfaoui
African Journal of Biological Sciences 6 (15), 2024
DOI: 10.48047/AFJBS.6.15.2024.10672-10700

Co-Sleeping in Chamaeleo zeylanicus (India)

by Alex Negro Beobachtungen

A small publication recently focussed on observations of chameleons in India. Four researchers were travelling in the state of Karnataka in India and repeatedly observed chameleons at night. On a good 20 occasions, they observed single sleeping animals. However, two observations stood out from the others.

In July 2021, they observed two Chamaeleo zeylanicus sleeping less than five centimetres apart on the same branch in Narasimha Betta. A similar picture presented itself to them a little later in July of the same year in Devarayana Durga, 53 km away from the first observation. The chameleons were located in well vegetated hilly scrubland interspersed with rocks.

Unfortunately, the authors were unable to determine the sexes of the animals. As the observations were both made during the monsoon, the reproductive season of the Indian chameleon, they assume mate guarding. This involves a male ‘guarding’ a mated female for several days in order to increase his reproductive success.

Co-Sleeping in the Indian Chameleon Chamaeleo zeylanicus Laurenti, 1768
Nitya P. Mohanty, Krishna Murthy, B.R. Ansil, Ashwin Viswanathan
Herpetology Notes 2024, 17: 679-681.
DOI: not available

Photo: Sleeping Chamaeleo zeylanicus, photographed byDr. Raju Kasambe, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International

Dwarf chameleons in South Africa larger in urban environments than in the wild

by Alex Negro Science

Dwarf chameleons of the genus Bradypodion from South Africa have long been known to adapt very well to urban habitats. Two scientists from Cape Town and Johannesburg have now investigated how different populations differ in body size, body weight and body condition score within urban and natural environments.

A total of 1107 individuals of five different dwarf chameleon species were studied over a period of four years. Bradypodion damaranum in George (Western Cape), Bradypodion melanocephalum in Durban (KwaZulu-Natal), Bradypodion setaroi in St Lucia (KwaZulu-Natal), Bradypodion thamnobates in Howick (KwaZulu-Natal) and Bradypodion ventrale in Jeffrey’s Bay (Eastern Cape) were each searched at night at three to eight locations. Forest fragments, grass savannahs or coastal bushland less than 15 km from the centre of the nearest town were classified as ‘natural sites’. All sites located within a city and consisting of both introduced and native flora regularly cut back by humans (gardens, public parks and green spaces, roadsides) were categorised as ‘urban’. The dwarf chameleons found were measured, weighed, sexed and marked with a felt-tip pen to avoid duplicate measurements on the same animals. Obviously pregnant females were not measured.

Statistical analyses and comparisons revealed that the chameleons at natural sites were always smaller and lighter on average than the populations of the same species at urban sites. Significantly larger and heavier in the city were both sexes in Bradypodion damaranum, the males in Bradypodion melanocephalum, ventrale and setaroi and the females in Bradypodion thamnobates. The body condition score was higher in urban areas for both sexes of Bradypodion damaranum and setaroi and males of Bradypodion melanocephalum than for the chameleons in natural habitats. In Bradypodion ventrale and thamnobates, there were no differences in body condition score between the different populations.

Research into exactly how these exciting differences come about is still pending.

Big cities, big bodies: urbanisation correlates with large body sizes and enhanced body condition in African dwarf chameleons (Genus: Bradypodion)
Jody M. Barends, Krystal A. Tolley
African Zoology 2024, 59(3)
DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2024.2402256

Photo: Bradypodion melanocephalum, photographed by suncana, licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

The new CHAMAELEO is out now!

by Alex Negro AG Interna Beobachtungen CHAMAELEO Haltungsberichte Science

Good things come to those who wait: we have just received the latest issues of CHAMAELEO 49. They will now go into the mail as soon as possible and will then be on their way to all AG members. The current contents can be found here. And if you are not yet a member of the AG Chameleons, you might want to become one soon! How do you like the current issue? Do you have any comments, wishes or criticism? Too thick, too thin, too much English, too little? ;) We look forward to your feedback!

Impact of agriculture on chameleons in Madagascar

by Alex Negro Science

In Madagascar’s eastern highlands, farmland for rice fields is mainly obtained by slashing and burning primary forests or secondary vegetation. The rice fields are only used for one season. The following year the field is used for root vegetables. After just one harvest, the land lies fallow for up to five years before it is slash-and-burned again to grow rice again. Just five of these cycles can turn fertile land into degraded. In recent decades, fallow land has been cleared at ever shorter intervals. This practice has allowed invasive, non-native plant species to spread, while Malagasy plants that depend on primary forest have disappeared. Malagasy scientists have now investigated the impact of this form of agriculture on chameleons on the east coast of Madagascar.

The Ankeniheny-Zahamena rainforest corridor in the eastern highlands was used as the object of study. It runs along the east coast of Madagascar over an area of around 5000 km², some of which are only connected by very narrow forest fragments. A total of 44 sites were investigated during the rainy season, which were categorised into five habitat types: Ten sites with closed canopy rainforests, eight with tree fallows, eleven with shrub fallows, ten sites after at least five slash-and-burn cycles (degraded land) and five sites where reforestation was practised. The majority of chameleons were searched for, identified and measured at night along predefined transects (three to four parallel lines each 50 metres long).

A total of 15 chameleon species of the genera Brookesia, Furcifer and Calumma were found, although three species could not be precisely identified (as far as recognisable, these are animals from the Calumma nasutum/emelinae complex). Most chameleons favoured closed rainforest, whereas significantly fewer animals and species were found after slash-and-burn clearing. In forest areas with reforestation efforts, the number of chameleons was significantly higher than in degraded areas. Both emphasise the need to protect remaining rainforests as well as the relevance of reforestation in Madagascar.

Six species (including Calumma cf. vencesi, Brookesia superciliaris, Brookesia therezieni, Calumma parsonii) were clearly more sensitive to agriculture and can probably only survive to a very limited extent outside primary forest. Only three species were found on intensively farmed land, of which only Furcifer lateralis was most frequently found there.

Effects of shwidden agriculture on chameleon diversity and abundance in eastern tropical rainforest in Madagascar
Rodlis Raphali Andriantsimanarilafy, Joseph Christian Randrianantoandro, Josué Rakotoarioa, Alain Jean Victorien Rakotondrina, Ruth Kelly, Alison Cameron
Sustainability and biodiversity conservation 3(2): 99-118.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13861065

Photo: Carpet chameleon at the edge of a rice field in Madagascar, photographed by Alex Negro

Online lecture about terrarium lighting

by Alex Negro Live lectures Webinars

The tenth digital regulars’ table of the DGHT takes up a particularly interesting topic for terrarium keepers: Terrarium lighting! On Thursday, 31 October 2024, physicist Sarina Wunderlich will present a wealth of knowledge about light and lamps in terrariums. She regularly tests lamps, explains the results and how to interpret them – and what is important when it comes to terrarium lighting. Her website www.licht-im-terrarium.de is probably well known to many people by now. Questions can be asked and discussed after the presentation. Attendance is free and highly recommended!

Sarina Wunderlich Light in terraristics[German!]
Digital regulars’ table of the DGHT
Online lecture, please register via digitaler-stammtisch@dght.de
Start of lecture: 8 p.m.

Presentation in Dortmund about chameleons

by Alex Negro Reiseberichte Live lectures

Wolfgang Schmidt, long-time member of the AG Chameleons, will give a detailed lecture on chameleons in Bergkamen on 01 November 2024. Wolfgang has already kept and successfully propagated a large number of chameleon species at home. He has also been travelling with his wife to the various habitats of chameleons for years, be it in South Africa, Socotra or Saudi Arabia. It is sure to be an exciting and colourful talk, just the thing for chameleon lovers!

Wolfgang Schmidt Observations of chameleons in the wild and in the terrarium [German]
DGHT city group Dortmund
Restaurant Olympia
Im Alten Dorf 2
59192 Bergkamen
Meeting from 5.30 p.m.
Presentation starts at 7.30 p.m.

Communal egglaying in Furcifer minor

by Alex Negro Science

In chameleons, there are only a few reports of females laying eggs in very close proximity to each other. Archaius tigris is even known to lay eggs together. Such an observation has now also been made in Madagascar, more precisely in the Itremo Massif in the southern highlands of the island.

In January this year, a female Furcifer minor was observed laying eggs in the forest of Antsirankambiaty. Shortly after the first female had finished laying her eggs, a second female only 30 cm away also started to lay eggs (see a video here). Two days later, a third Furcifer minor female laid her eggs between the two existing nests.

All three nests were dug into the sand of a riverbank about 2-3 metres from the water. The site was a rather sunny place with more than 5 hours of sunshine a day, so it might have been better suited for oviposition than the ground in the neighbouring forest fragment. However, it is also possible that the ongoing deforestation and thus the decreasing habitat is causing female Furcifer minor to look for oviposition sites outside their actual habitat. It is unclear whether the third female is one of the first two that returned – unfortunately it was not possible to differentiate between them.

Communal egg-laying in the Lesser Chameleon, Furcifer minor (Günther, 1879), at Itremo Massif Amoron’i Mania Region, Madagascar
Devin Edmonds
Herpetology Notes 17, 2024: 579-581
DOI: nicht vorhanden

Foto: Eines der Furcifer minor bei der Eiablage, fotografiert von Devin Edmonds

Karyograms of five Malagasy chameleons described

by Alex Negro Science

It has been known for many years that the sex of chameleons is genetically determined. However, the karyograms of many species, i.e. the chromosome characteristics, are not yet known for all species. Italian scientists have now analysed the karyograms of five Madagascan chameleon species.

Existing, preserved chameleons were used for the study. One female each of the species Furcifer balteatus, Furcifer petteri, Furcifer major and Furcifer minor were sampled. One male and one female Brookesia superciliaris were also used for the study. All samples were subjected to DNA barcoding analysis using the mitochondrial gene fragment COI as a marker. The extracted DNA was amplified by PCR and then sequenced to create a karyogram for each animal.

The karyogram of Brookesia superciliaris is 2 n = 34 for both sexes. Of the 34 chromosomes, six are macrochromosome pairs and eleven are microchromosome pairs. All macrochromosomes are metacentric. Morphologically, the chromosomes do not differ from each other, so that it remains unclear which could be the sex chromosomes.

Furcifer balteatus has a very special karyogram, which actually fits better with those of the genera Brookesia and Palleon than with the genus Furcifer. The karyogram is 2n = 34, which is the highest number of chromosomes among the chameleons. Of the 34 chromosomes, six are macrochromosome pairs and eleven are microchromosome pairs. The former are all metacentric. There are no morphological differences between the chromosome pairs, so that the sex chromosome has not yet been determined.

The karyogram of Furcifer major is 2n = 24. Nine of the chromosome pairs are macrochromosome pairs and three are microchromosome pairs. Seven of the macrochromosome pairs are metacentric, only pairs two and three are submetacentric. The eleventh chromosome pair, a microchromosome pair, codes for the sex chromosome W.

Furcifer minor has a karyogram of 2n = 22 chromosomes. Of these, eight pairs are macrochromosome pairs and three are microchromosome pairs. Among the macrochromosomes, the first five pairs are metacentric, while the remaining three pairs are acrocentric. A portion of the sixth pair of chromosomes was almost completely heterochromatic and probably represents the sex chromosome W.

The karyogram of Furcifer petteri is also 2n = 22, of which eight pairs of chromosomes are macrochromosomes and three microchromosomes. Seven pairs of macrochromosomes are metacentric, only the fifth pair is submetacentric. The sex chromosome W is part of the seventh pair of macrochromosomes.

All newly described karyograms are deposited in GenBank under the number PQ272538-4. In this study, the genus Furcifer was also found to have the highest diversity in the karyograms. It also appears to be the only genus among all vertebrates that shows all variants of sex chromosome diversification.

New insights on Chromosome Diversification in Malagasy Chameleons
Marcello Mezzasalma, Gaetano Odierna, Rachele Macirella, Elvira Brunelli
Animals 2024, 14: 2818
DOI: 10.3390/ani14192818

Graphic: Karyograms of Brookesia superciliaris and Furcifer balteatus from the above-mentioned study

New distribution record for Kinyongia magomberae

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

Scientists from Tanzania and England recently carried out a survey study of the herpetofauna in the Kimboza forest. Kimboza is located in eastern Tanzania on the edge of the Eastern Arc Mountains, a 600 km long mountain range. To the west of Kimboza are the Uluguru Mountains, to the east the Ruvu Reserve. Kimboza is one of the smallest reserves in Tanzania with an area of only 4 km². It ranges in altitude from 170 to 480 metres.

To detect reptiles and amphibians, manual searches were carried out on two nights in December and January and for eleven consecutive months between December and June. In addition, bucket traps were placed in the ground along two lines, a total of between 11 and 20 buckets at a distance of 5 metres from each other. The animals found were identified morphologically using existing field guides. Samples were taken from 12 finds in order to genetically confirm the species identification.

A total of 42 different reptile species and 29 amphibian species were recorded in Kimboza. As expected, Trioceros melleri, Rieppeleon brevicaudatus and Chamaeleo dilepis were among the known chameleons of the forest. However, the study also revealed something astonishing: Kinyongia magomberae, actually known from the forest of Magombera and from the lowlands of the Udzungwa Mountains National Park, was found there. This corresponds to an extension of the distribution area of this species of 128 km. In a study from 1994, Kinyongia oxyrhina is already mentioned once in Kimboza. Even then it could have been a case of confusion and actually a Kinyongia magomberae. The species may have been much more widespread in the past than it is today. However, as the lowland rainforests of Tanzania have been extensively deforested for many decades, the chameleon’s habitat has been greatly reduced – and could have led to the spread of a species in forest areas that are no longer contiguous today.

Kimboza, a small lowland forest with an outstanding herpetofauna diversity in east Africa
John V. Lyakurwa, Simon P. Loader, Wilirk Ngalason, Rikki Gumbs, Caleb Ofori-Boateng, H. Christoph Liedtke
Nature Notes 14(10), 2024
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70406

Picture: Kinyongia magomberae, photographed by Andrew R Marshall in Mwanihana forest, Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported

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