Chameleons in traditional medicine in Sierra Leone

Chameleons in traditional medicine in Sierra Leone

by Alex Negro Science

In Sierra Leone in West Africa, animal parts are still used in traditional medicine today. Two scientists from the University of Nala have now investigated exactly which ones and what they are used for.

The study was conducted in the chiefdoms of Kowa and Dasse between March and July 2023. Around 24,000 inhabitants live here, almost all of them farmers. Both areas are located in the Moyamba region in eastern Sierra Leone and are sparsely populated with the exception of four urban regions. The scientists interviewed 40 people and visited the patients they were treating. The interviewees included herbalists, traditional healers, fetish priests and obstetricians selected by the local population. People familiar with the area were asked about the fauna present. The animal parts used were photographed and sampled as far as possible.

As many as 17 of the interviewees had attended secondary school, while 17 others had received no schooling at all. All of them stated that they had learnt the healing methods used from their ancestors. 30 of the 40 interviewees made their living from traditional medicine and had been practising for around 30 years. A few even stated that they earned between $ 2120 and $ 4230 per year (the average for an employee in Sierra Leone is $ 2900 per year). Forty-five animal species were used for medicinal purposes, and 40 diseases were named as indications. The most frequently used animals, around a third, were reptiles, followed directly by amphibians, snails and mammals. Primates alone accounted for 10% of the animals used.

Chamaeleo gracilis was mentioned eighteen times during the interviews as a potential remedy. It is locally called ‘duqui’. Its skin, muscle parts and intestines are said to improve memory. It is also used for various mystical purposes. Most parts are eaten cooked.

Traditional medicines containing animal parts: Use in Kowa and Dasse chiefdoms, Southern Sierra Leone
Jonathan Johnny, Alhassan Bangura
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2024, 13(3): pp. 308-317
DOI: 10.22271/phyto.2024.v13.i3d.14972

Photo: Chamaeleo gracilis photographed by kogia, licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Chamaeleo dilepis in traditional south african medicine

Chamaeleo dilepis in traditional south african medicine

by Alex Negro Science

Researchers from North-West University in South Africa have investigated which reptiles are used by traditional healers and how much they actually know about the species used. They visited six medical shops and markets (muthi shops/markets) in Polokwane, Pretoria, Johannesburg, Pietermaritzburg and Durban. Twelve traditional healers were also visited, two each in Limpopo and Gautend and seven in KwaZulu-Natal. Healers who agreed to be interviewed were asked about the species and origin of reptiles they use. Samples were taken for genetic testing from 111 carcasses and tissue remains (some only bones with meat remains) offered for sale.

Of the 34 reptile species known so far from the literature to have been traditionally used in South African medicine, nine could be confirmed. The healers reported that they partly hunted the reptiles themselves and partly bought them from specialised hunters. To the astonishment of the researchers, reptiles killed in road traffic (“roadkills”) were also used by healers. For sale and use, the reptiles were preserved. Fat and internal organs were removed manually. The fat was kept in bottles as it could be sold individually. The organs were not used further. The carcasses of the reptiles were then rubbed with ash and salt and dried in the sun. All healers agreed that whole carcasses were rarely sold – usually customers only wanted to purchase certain body parts, as only these were known for their effects.

The flap-necked chameleon was already known to be an occasional species at traditional South African healer markets. Several Chamaeleo dilepis were also identified in this study, but they were only marketed with an umbrella term in isiZulu. Unwabu refers to any species of chameleon, not specifically Chamaeleo dilepis. For other reptile species, some of the healers’ names matched the identified species down to the species level. However, there were also quite a few misidentified specimens where completely different reptiles were identified by the healers than turned out to be the case in the genetics.

Barcoding and traditional health practitioner perspectives are informative to monitor and conserve frogs and reptiles traded for traditional medicine in urban South Africa
Fortunate Phaka, Edward Netherlands, Maarten van Steenberge, Erik Verheyen, Gontran Sonet, Jean Hugé, Louis du Preez, Maarten Vanhove
Molecular Ecology Resources [Preprint], 2022
DOI: 10.22541/au.166487945.53921162/v1